This page explores functions beyond basic declarations, covering context, scope, and advanced patterns that are central to the language.

Function Declarations, Expressions, and IIFEs

Declarations vs. Expressions:

• Declaration: function myFunction() {}. They are fully hoisted, meaning they can be called before they are defined in the code.
• Expression: const myFunction = function() {};. The variable (myFunction) is hoisted, but the function assignment is not (if using let/const, it's in the TDZ). This encourages a top-down code structure.

Immediately Invoked Function Expressions (IIFE): An IIFE is a function that is defined and executed immediately. It's a classic pattern for creating a private scope to avoid polluting the global namespace.

(function() {
    // All variables and functions here are private
    const message = "This is private";
    console.log(message);
})(); // The final () invokes the function

A Deep Dive into the this Keyword

The value of this is one of the most confusing parts of JavaScript. It is determined by how a function is called, following four main rules of precedence:

1. new Binding (Highest Precedence): When a function is called with the new keyword (a constructor call), this is a brand-new object created for that call.
2. Explicit Binding: Using .call(thisArg, ...args), .apply(thisArg, argsArray), or .bind(thisArg), you can force a function to use a specific object for this. .bind() returns a new function with this permanently bound.
3. Implicit Binding: When a function is called as a method on an object (obj.myMethod()), this is the object (obj).
4. Default Binding (Lowest Precedence): If none of the other rules apply, this defaults to the global object (window in browsers) or undefined in 'use strict' mode.

Arrow Functions and Lexical this: Arrow functions (=>) are an exception. They do not have their own this context. Instead, they lexically inherit this from their surrounding code. This makes them predictable and ideal for callbacks where you want to preserve the context of the outer method.

• Mastering Closures for Practical Use A closure is the combination of a function and the lexical environment within which that function was declared. This means the inner function has access to the variables of its outer function, even after the outer function has finished executing.

Practical Use Case: Memoization (Caching) Closures are perfect for creating functions that cache their results.

function memoize(fn) {
    const cache = {}; // This cache is private to the closure

    return function(...args) {
    const key = JSON.stringify(args);
    if (cache[key]) {
        console.log("Fetching from cache...");
        return cache[key];
    }
    console.log("Calculating result...");
    const result = fn(...args);
    cache[key] = result;
    return result;
    };
}

const slowSquare = (n) => {
    // Simulate a slow operation
    for(let i=0; i<1e7; i++) {}
    return n * n;
};

const fastSquare = memoize(slowSquare);
fastSquare(5); // "Calculating result..."
fastSquare(5); // "Fetching from cache..."

Changelog

8/8/25, 4:17 AM

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• 2aa48-web-deploy(Auto): Update base URL for web-pages branchon 8/8/25

Copyright

Copyright Ownership:WARREN Y.F. LONG

License under:Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0)